The compound (delta-12-prostaglandin J3, or D12-PGJ3) targeted and killed the stem cells of chronic myelogenous leukaemia, or CML, in mice, said Sandeep Prabhu, associate professor of immunology and molecular toxicology in the Department of Veterinary and Medical Sciences.
The compound is produced from EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid) an Omega-3 fatty acid found in fish and in fish oil, he said.
Prabhu said: “Research in the past on fatty acids has shown the health benefits of fatty acids on cardiovascular system and brain development, particularly in infants, but we have shown that some metabolites of Omega-3 have the ability to selectively kill the leukaemia-causing stem cells in mice. The important thing is that the mice were completely cured of leukaemia with no relapse.”
The researchers, who released their findings in the current issue of Blood, said the compound kills cancer-causing stem cells in the mice’s spleen and bone marrow. Specifically, it activates a gene (p53) in the leukaemia stem cell that programs the cell’s own death.
Killing the stem cells in leukaemia, a cancer of the white blood cells, is important because stem cells can divide and produce more cancer cells, as well as create more stem cells, Prabhu said.
The current therapy for CML extends the patient’s life by keeping the number of leukaemia cells low, but the drugs fail to completely cure the disease because they do not target leukaemia stem cells, said Robert Paulson, associate professor of veterinary and biomedical sciences, who co-directed this research with Prabhu.
“The patients must take the drugs continuously,” said Paulson. “If they stop, the disease relapses because the leukaemia stem cells are resistant to the drugs.”
Current treatments are unable to kill the leukaemia stem cells. “These stem cells can hide from the treatment, and a small population of stem cells give rise to more leukaemia cells,” said Paulson. “So, targeting the stem cells is essential if you want to cure leukemia.”
During the experiments, the researchers injected each mouse with about 600 nanograms of D12-PGJ3 each day for a week. Tests showed that the mice were completely cured of the disease. The blood count was normal, and the spleen returned to normal size. The disease did not relapse.
In previous experiments, the compound also killed the stem cells of Friend Virus-induced leukaemia, an experimental model for human leukaemia. The researchers focused on D12-PGJ3 because it killed the leukaemia stem cells, but had the least number of side effects. The researchers currently are working to determine whether the compound can be used to treat the terminal stage of CML, referred to as Blast Crisis. There are currently no drugs available that can treat the disease when it progresses to this stage.
The researchers, who applied for a patent, are also preparing to test the compound in human trials.
Source: Penn State
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